二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工作(zuo)(zuo)原理(li)是当外界(jie)有正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压偏(pian)置(zhi)时，外界(jie)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)场(chang)和(he)自建电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)场(chang)的(de)(de)(de)互相(xiang)抑消作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)使载(zai)流子的(de)(de)(de)扩散电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流增加引(yin)起了正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。当外界(jie)有反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压偏(pian)置(zhi)时，外界(jie)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)场(chang)和(he)自建电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)场(chang)进(jin)一步(bu)加强(qiang)，形成在一定反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压范围内与反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)偏(pian)置(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压值无关的(de)(de)(de)反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)饱和(he)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流I0。大部分(fen)二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)所具备的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)性我们通(tong)常称之为(wei)“整(zheng)流（Rectifying）”功能。二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)较普遍的(de)(de)(de)功能就(jiu)是只允(yun)许电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流由单一方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)通(tong)过（称为(wei)顺向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)偏(pian)压），反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)时阻断(duan)（称为(wei)逆向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)偏(pian)压）。因(yin)此(ci)，二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)可以(yi)想成电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子版的(de)(de)(de)逆止阀。然而实(shi)际上二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)并不会(hui)表(biao)现出如此(ci)完美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)开与关的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)性，而是较为(wei)复杂(za)的(de)(de)(de)非(fei)线性电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子特(te)征——这(zhei)是由特(te)定类(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)技术决定的(de)(de)(de)。二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)使用(yong)上除(chu)了用(yong)做(zuo)开关的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式之外还有很多其他的(de)(de)(de)功能。正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流理(li)想二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)在端子上施(shi)加任何(he)正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压时都包括无限的(de)(de)(de)正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。惠州电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)分(fen)类(lei)

二极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)又称晶体(ti)二极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),简称二极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(diode)，另外，还有(you)早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)真空电(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)二极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)；它是一(yi)(yi)种具有(you)单向传导电(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)器件。在(zai)半导体(ti)二极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)内部有(you)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)PN结(jie)两(liang)(liang)个(ge)(ge)引(yin)线端子(zi)(zi)(zi)，这(zhei)种电(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)器件按照外加(jia)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向，具备单向电(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)转导性。一(yi)(yi)般来讲，晶体(ti)二极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)由(you)p型半导体(ti)和n型半导体(ti)烧结(jie)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)p-n结(jie)界(jie)面。在(zai)其界(jie)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)两(liang)(liang)侧形成空间电(dian)(dian)荷层(ceng)，构成自建(jian)电(dian)(dian)场。当外加(jia)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)等于零(ling)时(shi)，由(you)于p-n结(jie)两(liang)(liang)边载流(liu)(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)浓度差引(yin)起(qi)扩散电(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和由(you)自建(jian)电(dian)(dian)场引(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)漂移电(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)相等而处于电(dian)(dian)平衡状(zhuang)态，这(zhei)也是常态下的(de)(de)(de)(de)二极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)特性。广州激光二极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)分类稳压(ya)(ya)二极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)实质上是一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)面结(jie)型硅(gui)二极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，稳压(ya)(ya)二极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)工作在(zai)反向击穿状(zhuang)态。

二(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管是(shi)用半(ban)导(dao)体(ti)材(cai)料(liao)(硅、硒、锗)制成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一种电(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)器(qi)件，它具有单向导(dao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能，即给二(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管阳极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)阴极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)加上(shang)(shang)正向电(dian)(dian)(dian)压时，二(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管导(dao)通。当给阳极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)阴极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)加上(shang)(shang)反向电(dian)(dian)(dian)压时，二(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管截(jie)止，因此，二(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)通和(he)截(jie)止，则相当于开关的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)通与(yu)(yu)(yu)断开。而我们讲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)一种特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管，理想二(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管。在(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)上(shang)(shang)，它不(bu)仅起着安(an)装(zhuang)、固定、密(mi)封、保(bao)护(hu)芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)及增强电(dian)(dian)(dian)热性(xing)(xing)能等(deng)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用，而且(qie)还通过芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)点(dian)用导(dao)线连(lian)接(jie)到封装(zhuang)外壳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引脚上(shang)(shang)，这些引脚又通过印刷电(dian)(dian)(dian)路板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)线与(yu)(yu)(yu)其他器(qi)件相连(lian)接(jie)，从(cong)而实现内部(bu)芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)与(yu)(yu)(yu)外部(bu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)连(lian)接(jie)。因为(wei)芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)必须与(yu)(yu)(yu)外界隔离，以防(fang)止空气(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)杂质对芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐蚀(shi)而造成电(dian)(dian)(dian)气(qi)性(xing)(xing)能下降。另(ling)一方面，封装(zhuang)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)也更便于安(an)装(zhuang)和(he)运输。

理(li)(li)想二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)其(qi)实(shi)说(shuo)到(dao)底(di)还是(shi)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，理(li)(li)想二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)就是(shi)正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)压(ya)(ya)(ya)降为(wei)0，反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)漏(lou)电流(liu)为(wei)0的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，这种二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)只存在与理(li)(li)论研究中，只是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)种假设(she)，如为(wei)没(mei)有压(ya)(ya)(ya)降，没(mei)有损耗(hao)，反向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)会(hui)击穿等(deng)理(li)(li)想状态(tai)，而实(shi)际(ji)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)达不(bu)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。由于传统二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)PN结(jie)(jie)是(shi)有压(ya)(ya)(ya)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，这个(ge)(ge)问题是(shi)没(mei)有办法(fa)解决(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。压(ya)(ya)(ya)差(cha)越(yue)小，功率损耗(hao)也就越(yue)小，降低(di)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)压(ya)(ya)(ya)差(cha)成为(wei)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)问题，但是(shi)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)从诞生至(zhi)今都没(mei)有方法(fa)能完(wan)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)解决(jue)(jue)这个(ge)(ge)问题，所以(yi)理(li)(li)想二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)只能是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)种设(she)计，引导我们(men)换一(yi)(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)角度(du)思考。比(bi)较(jiao)大(da)整流(liu)电流(liu)是(shi)指二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)长(zhang)期(qi)连续工作时允许通过(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)较(jiao)大(da)正向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电流(liu)值，PN结(jie)(jie)面积及(ji)外部散热条件等(deng)有关.

二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是一种(zhong)具有(you)单(dan)向(xiang)(xiang)导(dao)(dao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)端(duan)器(qi)件(jian)，有(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和晶(jing)体(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi)分，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)现已(yi)很少见(jian)到，比较常(chang)(chang)见(jian)和常(chang)(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)多是晶(jing)体(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)单(dan)向(xiang)(xiang)导(dao)(dao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，几(ji)乎(hu)在(zai)所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，都要(yao)用到半导(dao)(dao)体(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，它(ta)在(zai)许多的(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中起着重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，它(ta)是诞生较早的(de)(de)(de)(de)半导(dao)(dao)体(ti)(ti)器(qi)件(jian)之(zhi)一，其应(ying)用也非常(chang)(chang)广。二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)压(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)：硅二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)（不(bu)发(fa)(fa)(fa)光(guang)类型(xing)）正向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)压(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)0.7V，锗管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)正向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)压(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)为0.3V，发(fa)(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)正向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)压(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)会随不(bu)同(tong)发(fa)(fa)(fa)光(guang)颜色(se)而(er)不(bu)同(tong)。主要(yao)有(you)三种(zhong)颜色(se)，具体(ti)(ti)压(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)参考值如(ru)下：红色(se)发(fa)(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)压(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)为2.0--2.2V，黄(huang)色(se)发(fa)(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)压(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)为1.8—2.0V，绿色(se)发(fa)(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)压(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)为3.0—3.2V，正常(chang)(chang)发(fa)(fa)(fa)光(guang)时的(de)(de)(de)(de)额定电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流约为20mA。在(zai)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制造工艺(yi)上，使它(ta)有(you)低压(ya)(ya)击穿特性。稳压(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反向(xiang)(xiang)击穿电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)恒定。广州激光(guang)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)分类

在规定散(san)热条件(jian)下(xia)，二(er)极管使用中(zhong)不(bu)要超过(guo)二(er)极管比(bi)较大整流(liu)电流(liu)值(zhi)。惠(hui)州电子二(er)极管分类

正(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)电(dian)压(ya)特(te)性和(he)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)用二(er)极(ji)(ji)管相同。虽然其(qi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)方向(xiang)耐(nai)压(ya)也是特(te)别地高(gao)(gao)，但反(fan)(fan)(fan)向(xiang)电(dian)流(liu)小，因(yin)此其(qi)特(te)长是反(fan)(fan)(fan)向(xiang)电(dian)阻(zu)高(gao)(gao)。使用于(yu)(yu)高(gao)(gao)输入电(dian)阻(zu)的(de)电(dian)路(lu)和(he)高(gao)(gao)阻(zu)负荷电(dian)阻(zu)的(de)电(dian)路(lu)中，就锗材(cai)料高(gao)(gao)反(fan)(fan)(fan)向(xiang)电(dian)阻(zu)型(xing)二(er)极(ji)(ji)管而言，SD54、1N54A等(deng)等(deng)属于(yu)(yu)这(zhei)(zhei)类(lei)二(er)极(ji)(ji)管。是比较(jiao)大峰值(zhi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)向(xiang)电(dian)压(ya)和(he)比较(jiao)大直流(liu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)向(xiang)电(dian)压(ya)很高(gao)(gao)的(de)产品(pin)。使用于(yu)(yu)高(gao)(gao)压(ya)电(dian)路(lu)的(de)检波和(he)整流(liu)。这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)型(xing)号的(de)二(er)极(ji)(ji)管一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)正(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)特(te)性不太好或一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)。在点接触型(xing)锗二(er)极(ji)(ji)管中，有(you)SD38、1N38A、OA81等(deng)等(deng)。这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)锗材(cai)料二(er)极(ji)(ji)管，其(qi)耐(nai)压(ya)受到限(xian)制。要求更高(gao)(gao)时有(you)硅合金(jin)和(he)扩散型(xing)。惠(hui)州电(dian)子二(er)极(ji)(ji)管分类(lei)

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