二极(ji)管(guan)工作原理(li)是(shi)当外界(jie)(jie)有正(zheng)向(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)偏置(zhi)时，外界(jie)(jie)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)场(chang)和(he)自建电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)场(chang)的(de)互(hu)相抑消作用(yong)(yong)使载(zai)流(liu)(liu)(liu)子的(de)扩散电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)增加引起了(le)正(zheng)向(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。当外界(jie)(jie)有反(fan)向(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)偏置(zhi)时，外界(jie)(jie)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)场(chang)和(he)自建电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)场(chang)进一(yi)步加强，形成在一(yi)定(ding)反(fan)向(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)范围内与反(fan)向(xiang)偏置(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)值无(wu)关的(de)反(fan)向(xiang)饱和(he)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)I0。大部分(fen)二极(ji)管(guan)所具备的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)方(fang)向(xiang)性(xing)我(wo)们通常称(cheng)之为(wei)“整流(liu)(liu)(liu)（Rectifying）”功能。二极(ji)管(guan)较普遍的(de)功能就是(shi)只(zhi)允许电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)由单(dan)一(yi)方(fang)向(xiang)通过（称(cheng)为(wei)顺向(xiang)偏压(ya)），反(fan)向(xiang)时阻断（称(cheng)为(wei)逆向(xiang)偏压(ya)）。因此，二极(ji)管(guan)可(ke)以想成电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子版的(de)逆止阀。然而(er)(er)实际上(shang)(shang)二极(ji)管(guan)并不会(hui)表(biao)现出如此完美的(de)开(kai)与关的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)性(xing)，而(er)(er)是(shi)较为(wei)复杂(za)的(de)非线性(xing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子特(te)征——这(zhei)是(shi)由特(te)定(ding)类(lei)型的(de)二极(ji)管(guan)技术决定(ding)的(de)。二极(ji)管(guan)使用(yong)(yong)上(shang)(shang)除了(le)用(yong)(yong)做(zuo)开(kai)关的(de)方(fang)式之外还有很多其他(ta)的(de)功能。正(zheng)向(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)理(li)想二极(ji)管(guan)在端(duan)子上(shang)(shang)施加任何正(zheng)向(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)时都包(bao)括无(wu)限的(de)正(zheng)向(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。惠州电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子二极(ji)管(guan)分(fen)类(lei)

二(er)(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)又称晶体(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan),简(jian)称二(er)(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)(diode)，另外，还有(you)早期的(de)(de)(de)真空电(dian)(dian)子(zi)二(er)(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)；它是(shi)(shi)一种(zhong)具(ju)有(you)单向(xiang)(xiang)传导(dao)电(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)子(zi)器件。在(zai)半导(dao)体(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)内部有(you)一个(ge)PN结两个(ge)引(yin)线端子(zi)，这种(zhong)电(dian)(dian)子(zi)器件按照外加电(dian)(dian)压(ya)的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)，具(ju)备单向(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)转导(dao)性(xing)。一般来讲，晶体(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)是(shi)(shi)一个(ge)由p型(xing)半导(dao)体(ti)(ti)和n型(xing)半导(dao)体(ti)(ti)烧结形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)p-n结界(jie)面(mian)。在(zai)其界(jie)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)两侧(ce)形(xing)成(cheng)空间电(dian)(dian)荷层，构成(cheng)自(zi)建电(dian)(dian)场。当外加电(dian)(dian)压(ya)等(deng)于(yu)零时，由于(yu)p-n结两边载流(liu)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)浓度差引(yin)起扩散电(dian)(dian)流(liu)和由自(zi)建电(dian)(dian)场引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)漂移电(dian)(dian)流(liu)相等(deng)而处于(yu)电(dian)(dian)平衡状态(tai)，这也是(shi)(shi)常态(tai)下的(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)特性(xing)。广州激光(guang)二(er)(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)分类稳(wen)压(ya)二(er)(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)实质(zhi)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)一个(ge)面(mian)结型(xing)硅二(er)(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)，稳(wen)压(ya)二(er)(er)(er)极(ji)管(guan)工作在(zai)反向(xiang)(xiang)击穿状态(tai)。

二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)是用半导(dao)体材料(liao)(硅、硒(xi)、锗)制成的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)种电子器(qi)件，它(ta)具有单(dan)向导(dao)电性(xing)(xing)(xing)能，即(ji)给二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)阳(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)阴(yin)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)加上(shang)正向电压时，二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)导(dao)通(tong)。当(dang)给阳(yang)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)阴(yin)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)加上(shang)反向电压时，二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)截止，因此，二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)导(dao)通(tong)和(he)截止，则相(xiang)当(dang)于开(kai)关的(de)(de)(de)接通(tong)与断(duan)开(kai)。而(er)(er)(er)我们讲的(de)(de)(de)是一(yi)种特殊的(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)，理想(xiang)二(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)。在电子上(shang)，它(ta)不仅(jin)起着安装(zhuang)(zhuang)、固定、密封(feng)、保护(hu)芯(xin)片(pian)及增强电热性(xing)(xing)(xing)能等方面的(de)(de)(de)作用，而(er)(er)(er)且还通(tong)过芯(xin)片(pian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)接点(dian)用导(dao)线连接到(dao)封(feng)装(zhuang)(zhuang)外壳的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)脚(jiao)上(shang)，这些引(yin)脚(jiao)又通(tong)过印刷电路板上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)导(dao)线与其他器(qi)件相(xiang)连接，从(cong)而(er)(er)(er)实现内部(bu)芯(xin)片(pian)与外部(bu)电路的(de)(de)(de)连接。因为(wei)芯(xin)片(pian)必须与外界(jie)隔离(li)，以防止空(kong)气中的(de)(de)(de)杂质对芯(xin)片(pian)电路的(de)(de)(de)腐蚀而(er)(er)(er)造(zao)成电气性(xing)(xing)(xing)能下降。另(ling)一(yi)方面，封(feng)装(zhuang)(zhuang)后的(de)(de)(de)芯(xin)片(pian)也更便于安装(zhuang)(zhuang)和(he)运输。

理想(xiang)(xiang)二(er)极管(guan)其实说(shuo)到底还是(shi)二(er)极管(guan)，理想(xiang)(xiang)二(er)极管(guan)就是(shi)正向压(ya)(ya)降为0，反向漏电流(liu)为0的(de)(de)二(er)极管(guan)，这种(zhong)二(er)极管(guan)只存在与理论研究中，只是(shi)一(yi)种(zhong)假(jia)设，如(ru)为没有(you)(you)(you)压(ya)(ya)降，没有(you)(you)(you)损耗(hao)(hao)，反向不(bu)会击穿等理想(xiang)(xiang)状(zhuang)态，而实际二(er)极管(guan)是(shi)达(da)不(bu)到的(de)(de)。由于传统(tong)二(er)极管(guan)它(ta)的(de)(de)PN结是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)压(ya)(ya)差(cha)的(de)(de)，这个(ge)问(wen)题(ti)是(shi)没有(you)(you)(you)办(ban)法解决的(de)(de)。压(ya)(ya)差(cha)越小(xiao)，功率损耗(hao)(hao)也就越小(xiao)，降低二(er)极管(guan)的(de)(de)压(ya)(ya)差(cha)成为主要的(de)(de)问(wen)题(ti)，但(dan)是(shi)二(er)极管(guan)从诞生至今都没有(you)(you)(you)方(fang)法能完美(mei)的(de)(de)解决这个(ge)问(wen)题(ti)，所以(yi)理想(xiang)(xiang)二(er)极管(guan)只能是(shi)一(yi)种(zhong)设计，引导我们换一(yi)个(ge)角度思(si)考。比(bi)较大整流(liu)电流(liu)是(shi)指(zhi)二(er)极管(guan)长(zhang)期连续(xu)工作时允(yun)许通过的(de)(de)比(bi)较大正向电流(liu)值(zhi)，PN结面(mian)积及外部(bu)散热条件等有(you)(you)(you)关.

二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)是一种(zhong)具(ju)有(you)(you)单(dan)向(xiang)(xiang)导(dao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)端器件(jian)，有(you)(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)子二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)和晶体(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi)分，电(dian)(dian)(dian)子二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)现已很少见到，比较常(chang)见和常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)多是晶体(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)。二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)单(dan)向(xiang)(xiang)导(dao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，几乎在所有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)子电(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，都(dou)要(yao)用到半导(dao)体(ti)(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，它(ta)在许多的(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路中起(qi)着重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，它(ta)是诞生较早的(de)(de)(de)(de)半导(dao)体(ti)(ti)器件(jian)之(zhi)一，其应用也非(fei)常(chang)广。二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)压降：硅二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)（不(bu)发(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)类型）正(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)压降0.7V，锗管(guan)(guan)(guan)正(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)压降为0.3V，发(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)正(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)压降会(hui)随不(bu)同(tong)发(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)颜(yan)色(se)而不(bu)同(tong)。主要(yao)有(you)(you)三(san)种(zhong)颜(yan)色(se)，具(ju)体(ti)(ti)压降参考值如下：红(hong)色(se)发(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)压降为2.0--2.2V，黄(huang)色(se)发(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)压降为1.8—2.0V，绿色(se)发(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)压降为3.0—3.2V，正(zheng)常(chang)发(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)时的(de)(de)(de)(de)额定电(dian)(dian)(dian)流约(yue)为20mA。在二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)造工(gong)艺(yi)上，使它(ta)有(you)(you)低(di)压击(ji)穿(chuan)特性。稳压二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反向(xiang)(xiang)击(ji)穿(chuan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压恒定。广州激光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)分类

在规(gui)定散热条件下，二极管(guan)使用中(zhong)不要超过二极管(guan)比较大整流电流值。惠州电子二极管(guan)分类

正(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)特(te)性和一般用(yong)(yong)二极(ji)管相同。虽然其(qi)反(fan)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)耐(nai)压(ya)也是(shi)特(te)别地高(gao)(gao)，但反(fan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小，因此其(qi)特(te)长(zhang)是(shi)反(fan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)高(gao)(gao)。使用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)高(gao)(gao)输入电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路和高(gao)(gao)阻(zu)负(fu)荷(he)电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，就锗(zhe)材(cai)料高(gao)(gao)反(fan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)型(xing)(xing)二极(ji)管而言(yan)，SD54、1N54A等(deng)等(deng)属(shu)于(yu)(yu)这(zhei)类二极(ji)管。是(shi)比(bi)较(jiao)(jiao)大峰(feng)值(zhi)反(fan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)和比(bi)较(jiao)(jiao)大直(zhi)流(liu)反(fan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)很高(gao)(gao)的(de)产品(pin)。使用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)高(gao)(gao)压(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)检波(bo)和整流(liu)。这(zhei)种(zhong)型(xing)(xing)号的(de)二极(ji)管一般正(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)特(te)性不太好或一般。在点接触型(xing)(xing)锗(zhe)二极(ji)管中，有SD38、1N38A、OA81等(deng)等(deng)。这(zhei)种(zhong)锗(zhe)材(cai)料二极(ji)管，其(qi)耐(nai)压(ya)受(shou)到限制。要(yao)求更高(gao)(gao)时有硅(gui)合(he)金(jin)和扩散型(xing)(xing)。惠州电(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)二极(ji)管分类

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