切(qie)(qie)削加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)对象是各(ge)(ge)种(zhong)(zhong)各(ge)(ge)样(yang)的(de)(de)机(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)零件(jian)(jian)，而(er)零件(jian)(jian)又是由一个(ge)个(ge)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)所(suo)组(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，所(suo)以，具(ju)体切(qie)(qie)削的(de)(de)是形(xing)(xing)状(zhuang)、位置、尺(chi)寸(cun)和(he)精度等(deng)(deng)(deng)多样(yang)化的(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)。从形(xing)(xing)状(zhuang)上(shang)，组(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)零件(jian)(jian)常见的(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)有平面(mian)(mian)(mian)、外(wai)圆(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)、内(nei)圆(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)、圆(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)锥面(mian)(mian)(mian)、螺纹、齿形(xing)(xing)、成(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)(xing)面(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)各(ge)(ge)种(zhong)(zhong)沟槽等(deng)(deng)(deng)。如图的(de)(de)零件(jian)(jian)就是由外(wai)圆(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)、内(nei)圆(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)、外(wai)圆(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)锥面(mian)(mian)(mian)、内(nei)圆(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)锥面(mian)(mian)(mian)、外(wai)螺纹、内(nei)螺纹、直角槽、回转(zhuan)槽、轴(zhou)肩平面(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)端平面(mian)(mian)(mian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)所(suo)组(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。切(qie)(qie)削加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)就是通过各(ge)(ge)种(zhong)(zhong)各(ge)(ge)样(yang)的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)艺加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)出(chu)这(zhei)些表面(mian)(mian)(mian)，从而(er)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)一定(ding)要(yao)求的(de)(de)零件(jian)(jian)。一、机(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)类(lei)型与基(ji)本构(gou)造(zao)(zao)(zao)金(jin)属(shu)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)简称机(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)是将金(jin)属(shu)毛坯上(shang)的(de)(de)多余金(jin)属(shu)变成(cheng)(cheng)切(qie)(qie)屑，使毛坯变成(cheng)(cheng)所(suo)需(xu)机(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)零件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)机(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)。现(xian)代制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)业(ye)(ye)所(suo)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)机(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)零件(jian)(jian)特(te)(te)别(bie)是精密机(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)零件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)主要(yao)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法是切(qie)(qie)削加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，切(qie)(qie)削加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)占机(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)总制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)量的(de)(de)50%左右，机(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)业(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)水平直接影(ying)响(xiang)了机(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)业(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)产品质量和(he)劳动(dong)效率等(deng)(deng)(deng)。实际(ji)生产中需(xu)要(yao)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)种(zhong)(zhong)类(lei)繁多，其形(xing)(xing)状(zhuang)、结构(gou)、尺(chi)寸(cun)、精度、表面(mian)(mian)(mian)质量和(he)数量等(deng)(deng)(deng)各(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相同(tong)。为了满足(zu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)，机(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)品种(zhong)(zhong)和(he)规格也(ye)应多种(zhong)(zhong)多样(yang)。各(ge)(ge)有特(te)(te)点，但它(ta)们在结构(gou)、运(yun)动(dong)及(ji)自动(dong)化等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)有许多类(lei)似之处(chu)，也(ye)有着共同(tong)的(de)(de)原(yuan)理(li)及(ji)规律。刀(dao)齿容(rong)易(yi)出(chu)现(xian)径(jing)向跳(tiao)动(dong)，这(zhei)将造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)刀(dao)齿负荷不(bu)(bu)(bu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，磨损不(bu)(bu)(bu)均匀，影(ying)响(xiang)已(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)质量。嘉善硬质机(ji)(ji)(ji)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)刀(dao)具(ju)选择

内(nei)径(jing)百(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)表用(yong)来测(ce)量(liang)圆柱孔，它(ta)附有成套(tao)的可调测(ce)量(liang)头(tou)，使(shi)用(yong)前(qian)必(bi)须先进(jin)行组合(he)和(he)校(xiao)对(dui)零位。组合(he)时，将百(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)表装入(ru)连(lian)(lian)杆(gan)(gan)内(nei)，使(shi)小(xiao)指针指在(zai)0~1的位置(zhi)上(压缩(suo)百(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)表半圈)，长(zhang)针和(he)连(lian)(lian)杆(gan)(gan)轴(zhou)线(xian)重合(he)，刻度盘(pan)上的字应(ying)垂直向下(xia)，以便于测(ce)量(liang)时观察，装好后应(ying)予紧固(gu)。测(ce)量(liang)前(qian)应(ying)根据被测(ce)孔径(jing)大小(xiao)用(yong)外(wai)径(jing)百(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)尺(chi)调整好尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)后才能(neng)使(shi)用(yong)。在(zai)调整尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)时，正确选用(yong)可换测(ce)头(tou)的长(zhang)度及其(qi)伸出距离(li)，应(ying)使(shi)被测(ce)尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)在(zai)活动测(ce)头(tou)总移动量(liang)的中(zhong)间位置(zhi)。测(ce)量(liang)时，连(lian)(lian)杆(gan)(gan)中(zhong)心线(xian)应(ying)与(yu)工件中(zhong)心线(xian)平行，不得(de)歪斜(xie)，同时应(ying)在(zai)圆周(zhou)上多测(ce)几(ji)个点，找出孔径(jing)的实(shi)际(ji)尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)，看是(shi)否(fou)在(zai)公(gong)差范围以内(nei)。绍(shao)兴耐用(yong)机加工刀(dao)具收费硬质(zhi)合(he)金焊(han)接(jie)车刀(dao)优点是(shi)结构简(jian)单，制造方便，可以根据需要进(jin)行刃磨，用(yong)灵活，刀(dao)具刚性好。

整体式(shi)(shi)(shi):刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)体和(he)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)齿(chi)(chi)是(shi)制(zhi)成一(yi)体的(de)(de)(de)。制(zhi)造(zao)比(bi)较简便，但是(shi)大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)铣(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)般不(bu)(bu)(bu)做(zuo)成这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)，因为比(bi)较浪(lang)费材(cai)料(liao)。焊接式(shi)(shi)(shi):刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)齿(chi)(chi)用(yong)(yong)硬质合金或其(qi)他耐磨刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)具材(cai)料(liao)制(zhi)成,并钎焊在刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)体上。镶(xiang)齿(chi)(chi)式(shi)(shi)(shi):这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)铣(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)体是(shi)普通(tong)钢(gang)料(liao)做(zuo)成，而把工具钢(gang)的(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)片镶(xiang)到刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)身上去(qu)。大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)铣(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)多半采用(yong)(yong)这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)。用(yong)(yong)镶(xiang)齿(chi)(chi)法(fa)制(zhi)造(zao)铣(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)可(ke)以(yi)节省工具钢(gang)材(cai)料(liao)，同时(shi)万一(yi)有一(yi)个刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)齿(chi)(chi)用(yong)(yong)坏(huai)，还可(ke)以(yi)拆下(xia)来(lai)重新换(huan)一(yi)个好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)必整个铣(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。但是(shi)小(xiao)尺(chi)寸的(de)(de)(de)铣(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)因为地位(wei)有限(xian)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)利用(yong)(yong)镶(xiang)齿(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)。可(ke)转(zhuan)位(wei)式(shi)(shi)(shi):将(jiang)能(neng)转(zhuan)位(wei)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)多边形刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)片用(yong)(yong)机(ji)械方(fang)法(fa)夹固在刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)杆或刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)体上的(de)(de)(de)铣(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。在切削加工中(zhong),当一(yi)个刃(ren)尖(jian)磨钝后,将(jiang)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)片转(zhuan)位(wei)后使(shi)用(yong)(yong)另外的(de)(de)(de)刃(ren)尖(jian)，这(zhei)(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)片用(yong)(yong)钝后不(bu)(bu)(bu)再重磨。可(ke)转(zhuan)位(wei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)铣(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)和(he)其(qi)它种(zhong)(zhong)类的(de)(de)(de)铣(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)相比(bi)有以(yi)下(xia)优(you)点:①避免了硬质合金钎焊时(shi)容(rong)易产生(sheng)裂(lie)纹的(de)(de)(de)缺点;②可(ke)转(zhuan)位(wei)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)片适合用(yong)(yong)气相沉积法(fa)在硬质合金刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)片表面沉积薄层更硬的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(碳化(hua)钛(tai)、氮(dan)化(hua)钛(tai)和(he)氧化(hua)铝),以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)切削性(xing)能(neng);③换(huan)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)时(shi)间短;④由于可(ke)转(zhuan)位(wei)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)片是(shi)标准化(hua)和(he)集中(zhong)生(sheng)产的(de)(de)(de),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)片几何参数(shu)易于一(yi)致,切屑控制(zhi)稳(wen)定。

螺(luo)线齿(chi)(chi)(chi)这(zhei)种铣(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)有(you)左手和右手的(de)(de)(de)区别，如图所示。由于刀(dao)(dao)(dao)齿(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)斜(xie)绕在刀(dao)(dao)(dao)身上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)，在加(jia)(jia)工(gong)时(shi)，前(qian)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)齿(chi)(chi)(chi)还(hai)没有(you)离开(kai)(kai)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)齿(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)已经(jing)开(kai)(kai)始(shi)切削。这(zhei)样在加(jia)(jia)工(gong)时(shi)就(jiu)不会发(fa)生震(zhen)动，加(jia)(jia)工(gong)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)也就(jiu)会光些。·尖齿(chi)(chi)(chi)铣(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)这(zhei)种铣(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)容易制造，因此应用也很广。铣(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)齿(chi)(chi)(chi)用钝(dun)以后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)是(shi)在工(gong)具磨(mo)床上(shang)(shang)用砂轮(lun)磨(mo)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)齿(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，前(qian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)在制作西倒是(shi)已经(jing)做好了，不需再磨(mo)。2、铲(chan)齿(chi)(chi)(chi)铣(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)这(zhei)种铣(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)不是(shi)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)，而是(shi)曲线的(de)(de)(de)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)在铲(chan)齿(chi)(chi)(chi)车床上(shang)(shang)做出来的(de)(de)(de)。铲(chan)齿(chi)(chi)(chi)铣(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)用钝(dun)以后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，只需磨(mo)前(qian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，而不需磨(mo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。这(zhei)种铣(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)特点(dian)就(jiu)是(shi)在磨(mo)前(qian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)时(shi)不影响刀(dao)(dao)(dao)齿(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)形状。机械加(jia)(jia)工(gong)成套的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)工(gong)艺对(dui)大小型孔(kong)及(ji)其形状的(de)(de)(de)简单或(huo)复(fu)杂程度没有(you)明显的(de)(de)(de)区别。

量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)(ju)的(de)种类(lei)很多(duo)，根据(ju)其用途和特(te)点(dian)不同，可以分为(wei):1.量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)(ju):这(zhei)类(lei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般都有刻度(du)，在其测量(liang)(liang)(liang)范围内可以直接(jie)测出零(ling)件(jian)和产品形状及尺(chi)(chi)寸的(de)具(ju)(ju)体数值。如游标卡(ka)尺(chi)(chi)、千分尺(chi)(chi)、百分表和角(jiao)度(du)尺(chi)(chi)等。2.量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)(ju):这(zhei)类(lei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)(ju)不能测量(liang)(liang)(liang)出实际尺(chi)(chi)寸，只能测定(ding)零(ling)件(jian)和产品的(de)形状、尺(chi)(chi)寸是否合格，如卡(ka)规、塞规等。3.标准量(liang)(liang)(liang)快:这(zhei)类(lei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)(ju)只能制成某一(yi)(yi)(yi)固(gu)定(ding)尺(chi)(chi)寸，通(tong)(tong)常用来校对和调整(zheng)其它量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)(ju)，也可以作为(wei)标准与被测量(liang)(liang)(liang)件(jian)进行比较，如量(liang)(liang)(liang)块、角(jiao)度(du)量(liang)(liang)(liang)块。三(san)、量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)(ju)(一(yi)(yi)(yi))游标卡(ka)尺(chi)(chi)游标卡(ka)尺(chi)(chi)如图所示，是一(yi)(yi)(yi)种比较精密的(de)通(tong)(tong)用量(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)(ju)，可以直接(jie)测量(liang)(liang)(liang)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)内径、外径、宽度(du)、长度(du)、厚度(du)、深度(du)及中心距等。切削加(jia)工(gong)(gong)属于机械加(jia)工(gong)(gong)中的(de)精加(jia)工(gong)(gong)处理环节，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般指(zhi)用手持刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)或机床刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)从金(jin)属零(ling)件(jian)上切削多(duo)余材(cai)料的(de)过程(cheng)。平(ping)湖机械机加(jia)工(gong)(gong)刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)技术

由(you)于硬(ying)质合(he)金(jin)刀片和刀杆(gan)材料的线膨(peng)胀(zhang)系(xi)数(shu)不同，当焊接工艺(yi)不合(he)理(li)时易导(dao) 致硬(ying)质合(he)金(jin)产生裂纹(wen)。嘉善硬(ying)质机加(jia)工刀具选(xuan)择

如(ru)微(wei)分(fen)(fen)筒端面与下(xia)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)线(xian)(xian)之间(jian)有(you)一(yi)条(tiao)上刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)线(xian)(xian)，测(ce)(ce)量(liang)结果应(ying)(ying)为下(xia)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)线(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)数(shu)(shu)值(zhi)加上，再加上可动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)值(zhi)。1、先(xian)读固(gu)定(ding)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)2、再读半(ban)(ban)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，若半(ban)(ban)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)线(xian)(xian)已露出，记(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)；若半(ban)(ban)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)线(xian)(xian)未露出，记(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)；3、再读可动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)（注(zhu)意估读）。记(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)n×；4、终(zhong)读数(shu)(shu)结果为固(gu)定(ding)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)+半(ban)(ban)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)+可动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)+估读由(you)于螺(luo)旋测(ce)(ce)微(wei)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)读数(shu)(shu)结果精确到以mm为单位(wei)千(qian)(qian)(qian)分(fen)(fen)位(wei)，故螺(luo)旋测(ce)(ce)微(wei)器(qi)又(you)叫(jiao)千(qian)(qian)(qian)分(fen)(fen)尺(chi)(chi)。外径千(qian)(qian)(qian)分(fen)(fen)尺(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)误(wu)差(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)判定(ding)校准(zhun)好的(de)(de)(de)千(qian)(qian)(qian)分(fen)(fen)尺(chi)(chi)，当测(ce)(ce)微(wei)螺(luo)杆(gan)与测(ce)(ce)砧(zhen)接触后，可动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)上的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)线(xian)(xian)与固(gu)定(ding)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)上的(de)(de)(de)水平横(heng)线(xian)(xian)应(ying)(ying)该是对齐(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)果没有(you)对齐(qi)(qi)，测(ce)(ce)量(liang)时就会产(chan)生系统误(wu)差(cha)(cha)──零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)误(wu)差(cha)(cha)。如(ru)无法消除零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)误(wu)差(cha)(cha)，则应(ying)(ying)考(kao)虑它们对读数(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)影响。若可动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)线(xian)(xian)在(zai)水平横(heng)线(xian)(xian)上方(fang)，且(qie)(qie)第x条(tiao)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)线(xian)(xian)与横(heng)线(xian)(xian)对齐(qi)(qi)，即说明测(ce)(ce)量(liang)时的(de)(de)(de)读数(shu)(shu)要比真实值(zhi)小，这(zhei)种(zhong)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)误(wu)差(cha)(cha)叫(jiao)做负零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)误(wu)差(cha)(cha)；若可动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)线(xian)(xian)在(zai)水平横(heng)线(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)方(fang)，且(qie)(qie)第y条(tiao)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)线(xian)(xian)与横(heng)线(xian)(xian)对齐(qi)(qi)，则说明测(ce)(ce)量(liang)时的(de)(de)(de)读数(shu)(shu)要比真实值(zhi)大，这(zhei)种(zhong)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)误(wu)差(cha)(cha)叫(jiao)正零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)误(wu)差(cha)(cha)。>对于存在(zai)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)误(wu)差(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)千(qian)(qian)(qian)分(fen)(fen)尺(chi)(chi)，测(ce)(ce)量(liang)结果应(ying)(ying)等于读数(shu)(shu)减去零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)误(wu)差(cha)(cha)，即物体长度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)＝固(gu)定(ding)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)读数(shu)(shu)＋可动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)读数(shu)(shu)－零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)误(wu)差(cha)(cha)。使(shi)用(yong)千(qian)(qian)(qian)分(fen)(fen)尺(chi)(chi)注(zhu)意事项(xiang)1．千(qian)(qian)(qian)分(fen)(fen)尺(chi)(chi)是一(yi)种(zhong)精密的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)具，使(shi)用(yong)时应(ying)(ying)小心谨(jin)慎，动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)轻缓(huan)，不要让它受到打击(ji)和碰(peng)撞。千(qian)(qian)(qian)分(fen)(fen)尺(chi)(chi)内(nei)的(de)(de)(de)螺(luo)纹(wen)非(fei)常精密。嘉善硬(ying)质机加工刀具选择

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