尺度1、定(ding)(ding)类(lei)测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)定(ding)(ding)类(lei)测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)也被称为类(lei)别测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或定(ding)(ding)名测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，它(ta)是测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)层次中(zhong)比较低的(de)一种(zhong)。2、定(ding)(ding)序测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)定(ding)(ding)序测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)也称为等(deng)级测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或顺(shun)序测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。定(ding)(ding)序测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)取值(zhi)可以(yi)(yi)的(de)按照(zhao)某种(zhong)逻辑顺(shun)序将研究对(dui)象(xiang)排列出(chu)高低或大(da)小，确(que)定(ding)(ding)其等(deng)级及次序。3、定(ding)(ding)距测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)定(ding)(ding)距测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)也称为间距测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或区(qu)间测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。它(ta)不仅能够将社会现象(xiang)或是事(shi)物(wu)区(qu)分为为不同的(de)类(lei)别、不同的(de)级别，而且可以(yi)(yi)确(que)定(ding)(ding)它(ta)们相(xiang)互之间的(de)间隔距离和数量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)差别。4、定(ding)(ding)比测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)定(ding)(ding)比测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)也称为等(deng)比测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或比例测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。定(ding)(ding)比测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)除了具有上(shang)述三(san)种(zhong)尺度的(de)全部性(xing)质之外，还(hai)具有一个相(xiang)对(dui)的(de)0点(有实际意义的(de)0点)。新型太阳能电池(chi)。。。线激光测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)

三(san)种显(xian)(xian)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)特点：较早(zao)个是(shi)(shi)共(gong)阴(yin)极的(de)(de)(de)显(xian)(xian)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)。它(ta)(ta)利用正极做(zuo)分段(duan)输(shu)(shu)(shu)入的(de)(de)(de)原理，用地线作公共(gong)输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)，分段(duan)输(shu)(shu)(shu)入以(yi)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)平输(shu)(shu)(shu)入有效。第(di)二个是(shi)(shi)共(gong)阳极的(de)(de)(de)显(xian)(xian)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)。它(ta)(ta)用阳极做(zuo)集(ji)中输(shu)(shu)(shu)入，和共(gong)阴(yin)极的(de)(de)(de)接法相反，分段(duan)以(yi)低电(dian)(dian)(dian)平输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)有效。第(di)三(san)个是(shi)(shi)带显(xian)(xian)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。用一个集(ji)成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)把数字显(xian)(xian)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)封装好(hao)，就(jiu)像(xiang)下面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)图(tu)一样，不分共(gong)阴(yin)阳，只要把它(ta)(ta)当(dang)集(ji)成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)来用就(jiu)行了(le)。（上面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)两个显(xian)(xian)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)根据《电(dian)(dian)(dian)子实用电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)300例》摘抄的(de)(de)(de)，第(di)三(san)个是(shi)(shi)在网(wang)络搜图(tu)的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)候目击(ji)所得出(chu)来的(de)(de)(de)理论）线激光测量自动(dong)影(ying)像(xiang)测量仪已经成(cheng)为(wei)国(guo)内使(shi)用较广阔的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)像(xiang)测量仪种类(lei)，并有取代手动(dong)影(ying)像(xiang)测量仪的(de)(de)(de)趋(qu)势。

尺寸(cun)测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)仪(yi)器(qi)(qi)具(ju)有一(yi)探(tan)(tan)头(tou)，所述探(tan)(tan)头(tou)沿着测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)轴线移动(dong)。弹性(xing)传(chuan)输元件(jian)使(shi)探(tan)(tan)头(tou)能在测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)力的(de)作用下(xia)移动(dong)。如(ru)有必要，探(tan)(tan)头(tou)可(ke)以(yi)与仪(yi)器(qi)(qi)刚性(xing)连(lian)接，例如(ru)以(yi)便实施外(wai)形测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)或描绘(hui)。仪(yi)器(qi)(qi)整个地用一(yi)外(wai)壳保护免受(shou)(shou)液体射(she)入(ru)和(he)粉尘的(de)影(ying)响，并且(qie)探(tan)(tan)头(tou)可(ke)以(yi)在不(bu)打开外(wai)壳或者不(bu)进入(ru)外(wai)壳内部的(de)情(qing)况(kuang)下(xia)锁紧。根(gen)据客观情(qing)况(kuang)而定，如(ru)厂家(jia)(jia)较常测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)产品、被测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)产品是(shi)否(fou)批量(liang)(liang)(liang)检测(ce)(ce)(ce)、是(shi)否(fou)要求测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)速度、测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)产品是(shi)否(fou)适(shi)合于移动(dong)或是(shi)厂家(jia)(jia)的(de)经济预(yu)算等都会影(ying)响到(dao)测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)仪(yi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)选(xuan)购(gou)。影(ying)像测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)仪(yi)分为手动(dong)和(he)自动(dong)，会受(shou)(shou)到(dao)测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)工件(jian)的(de)大小也重量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)影(ying)响。三坐标测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)机可(ke)以(yi)弥补影(ying)像测(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)仪(yi)的(de)不(bu)足(zu)，但是(shi)受(shou)(shou)到(dao)市场价格的(de)影(ying)响则可(ke)能超出厂家(jia)(jia)的(de)经济预(yu)算。

光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)效应分(fen)为光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)发射、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)导效应和阻(zu)挡层光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)效应，又称光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)生伏特别的(de)(de)(de)(de)效果应。前一(yi)(yi)种(zhong)(zhong)现象发生在(zai)物体表(biao)面，又称外光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)效应。后两种(zhong)(zhong)现象发生在(zai)物体内(nei)部，称为内(nei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)效应。按照粒(li)子(zi)(zi)说(shuo)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)是由(you)一(yi)(yi)份一(yi)(yi)份不连续的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)组成(cheng)，当某一(yi)(yi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)照射到(dao)对光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)灵敏的(de)(de)(de)(de)物质(zhi)(zhi)(如硒)上时(shi)(shi)，它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能量(liang)可以被该(gai)物质(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)某个电(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)全部吸收。电(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)吸收光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能量(liang)后，动能立(li)刻(ke)增(zeng)(zeng)加；如果动能增(zeng)(zeng)大到(dao)足以克服原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)核对它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)引力，就(jiu)能在(zai)十亿分(fen)之一(yi)(yi)秒(miao)时(shi)(shi)间内(nei)飞逸出金属表(biao)面，成(cheng)为光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)，形成(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)流。单位时(shi)(shi)间内(nei)，入射光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)数量(liang)愈大，飞逸出的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)就(jiu)愈多，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)流也就(jiu)愈强，这(zhei)种(zhong)(zhong)由(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)能变成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)能自动放电(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)现象，就(jiu)叫光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)效应。测量(liang)仪器一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都(dou)具有刻(ke)度，容(rong)积等(deng)单位.

测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)设备(bei)是实现(xian)测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)过(guo)程所(suo)必需的(de)测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)仪(yi)(yi)器(qi)、软(ruan)件、计量(liang)标(biao)(biao)准(zhun)、标(biao)(biao)准(zhun)样品（标(biao)(biao)准(zhun)物质(zhi)）或辅助设备(bei)或它们(men)的(de)组(zu)合。测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)设备(bei)包括：一般通用测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)仪(yi)(yi)器(qi)（游标(biao)(biao)卡尺、压(ya)力(li)表(biao)、衡器(qi)）；计量(liang)标(biao)(biao)准(zhun)（量(liang)块标(biao)(biao)准(zhun)装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)）；检(jian)(jian)验设备(bei)（耐电(dian)压(ya)测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)试(shi)仪(yi)(yi)、绝(jue)缘电(dian)阻表(biao)）；辅助设备(bei)（霉菌培养箱(xiang)、烘箱(xiang)）；试(shi)验设备(bei)（振动台、老化设备(bei)）；标(biao)(biao)准(zhun)物质(zhi)（参考物质(zhi)、标(biao)(biao)准(zhun)样品）；检(jian)(jian)定/校准(zhun)装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)（压(ya)力(li)表(biao)检(jian)(jian)定装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)）软(ruan)件（测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)、数据处理）与计算机；监(jian)视和记录装(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)（温湿度(du)计、温度(du)记录仪(yi)(yi)）；仪(yi)(yi)器(qi)使用说(shuo)明书、数据、表(biao)格。东(dong)莞玻璃厚度(du)测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)仪(yi)(yi)器(qi)。线激光测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)

能高效(xiao)地检(jian)测各种复杂工件的轮廓和表(biao)面形状尺寸、角度(du)及位置，进而读(du)取(qu)出需(xu)要的几何(he)量(liang)(liang)尺寸.线激光(guang)测量(liang)(liang)

电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)仪(yi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主要利(li)(li)用比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)技术(shu)实现(xian)测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)。对(dui)于(yu)(yu)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是利(li)(li)用同(tong)(tong)一(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)两电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上(shang)(shang)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压所(suo)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)，或(huo)(huo)利(li)(li)用同(tong)(tong)一(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压下两电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)，然后(hou)结(jie)合(he)(he)标(biao)准器(qi)(qi)(qi)实现(xian)测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)未知量(liang)(liang)。提供比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)的(de)(de)装置犹如(ru)天平(ping)，标(biao)准器(qi)(qi)(qi)则相当于(yu)(yu)砝码。根据这一(yi)类比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)制成(cheng)的(de)(de)较(jiao)量(liang)(liang)仪(yi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桥、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差计等。对(dui)于(yu)(yu)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)原(yuan)理(li)与直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基本相同(tong)(tong)，只是电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻由(you)阻抗代(dai)替(ti)。因此，一(yi)般情况下比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)是复数(shu)；实数(shu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)或(huo)(huo)虚数(shu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)只是其特例(li)。此外(wai)，还可利(li)(li)用两个有(you)磁耦(ou)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)线圈得到与匝数(shu)成(cheng)正比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压实数(shu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)，或(huo)(huo)与匝数(shu)成(cheng)反比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)实数(shu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)。根据这些(xie)原(yuan)理(li)制成(cheng)的(de)(de)较(jiao)量(liang)(liang)仪(yi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)经典交流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桥、感应耦(ou)合(he)(he)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)臂电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桥、交流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差计、感应分压器(qi)(qi)(qi)、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)较(jiao)仪(yi)、互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)等。除了上(shang)(shang)述电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)仪(yi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)外(wai)，还有(you)利(li)(li)用电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路组成(cheng)的(de)(de)等值电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路元件以及利(li)(li)用数(shu)字技术(shu)制成(cheng)的(de)(de)有(you)源电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桥和数(shu)字电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桥等。20世纪70年代(dai)以来(lai)，由(you)测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)仪(yi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)与微计算机结(jie)合(he)(he)，扩大了功能，并向智能化方向发展。线激光测(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)

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